Fig. 2

Higher turn rates in C. elegans males relate to reproductive benefits. a Variation in turn rates to 4 M sorbitol across different developmental stages from larvae to adults in both C. elegans sexes. Sexual dimorphism does not manifest during the larval L2–L4 stage by statistical analysis but only becomes apparent in the adult stage in males. Statistical analysis was conducted using ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc tests. n in the figure indicates the number of plates (cohorts). Data are presented as the mean ± SEM. b Mating experiments in hyperosmotic environments and assessment of mating failure rates. Two YFP-labeled transgenic males were mated with one wild-type hermaphrodite on plates containing 0 to 800 mM sorbitol (P generation). We considered the emergence of an F1 generation expressing YFP as a successful mating event. c Mating failure rate under hyperosmosis, incidence of mating failure demonstrates a direct correlation with escalating concentrations of sorbitol, with complete mating failure at 800 mM. Statistical analysis was conducted using post hoc analysis with multiple comparison corrections (Bonferroni correction) following the chi-square test; p = 0.009, < 0.001 (mating rates between 0 mM and 600–800 mM), 0.0216 (between 400 and 800 mM). n in the figure indicates the number of mating plates