Fig. 4

Sexual dimorphism in the optimization of avoidance behavior suggests the involvement of unknown circuits. a Turn frequency of tra-1(If) pseudo males against 4 M sorbitol stimuli. (M: male, H: hermaphrodite; tra-1+ : wild type, tra-1-: tra-1(If). n indicates the number of plates). Statistical analysis was conducted using ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc tests. p = 0.0101 (H + vs M+), 0.0198 (H+ vs M-), 0.0107 (M+ vs rescue), 0.0209 (M- vs rescue); p < 0.001 (H- vs M +; H- vs M-). n indicates the number of cells. b Turn rate of hermaphrodites and males by optogenetic activation of AIB neurons (ATR-: without ATR addition; ATR+ : with ATR addition. Statistical analysis was conducted using ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc tests. n indicates the number of cells. c Expression levels of GFPs driven by the inx-1 promoter in AIB Neurons [21]. Statistical analysis was conducted using Student’s t-test. n indicates the number of cells. d Expression levels of GFPs driven by the eat-4 promoter in AIB Neurons. Statistical analysis was conducted using Mann–Whitney test. n indicates the number of cells. e TRA-1 rescue by npr-4 (AVA, RIV) and nmr-1 (AVA, AVE, AVD, RIM) promoters. H: hermaphrodite, M: male. tra-1 + : wild type, tra-1-: tra-1(If)/tra-1(If) or tra-1(If)/dpy-9. n indicates the number of plates. Statistical analysis was conducted using ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc tests, p < 0.001 (H- vs M-), p = 0.193 (H- vs Pnpr-4 rescue), 0.0030 (H- vs Pnmr-1 rescue). n indicates the number of plates. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM. f Diagram illustrating the correlation between osmotic stress and mating success